As enthusiasm is building around novel assessments, I conclude with a discussion of issues that researchers should be aware of when interpreting results from these new modalities. In this paper, I briefly review the biological basis for a link between body composition and cancer survival and summarize the epidemiological evidence with consideration to specific exposure measures. Recently the field has taken an exciting direction with the application of radiological assessments to measure specific aspects of body composition, yet reconciliation of findings from these modern assessment tools with those from the historic use of anthropometric data proves challenging. However, the current state of evidence is based on heterogeneous exposure definitions based on anthropometry, yielding inconsistent findings with regard to this association. Interest in understanding the relationship between body composition and cancer survival has remained strong for decades, with a number of recent systematic reviews on the topic.
